2024 Mitragia

Quick View. Yellow Maeng Da (MD) $ 5.00 – $ 100.00. $ 4.00 – $ 80.00. Select options. Our Maeng Da Kratom powder is harvested for both maturity & potency. We lab test each strain to ensure quality. Same day shipping. Whether you’re tackling a busy schedule, a demanding workout, or simply need to rise above the ordinary, White Dragon Kratom is your secret weapon. Available in: 1oz, 200g, 250g, 1kg. ONLY AVAILABLE IN POWDER AT THIS TIME. Guarantee: We take your satisfaction seriously, and that’s why we offer THE BEST RETURN POLICY in the industry. Showing 1–100 of 128 results. Quick View. 20mg Kratom Extract Infused Gummies. $ 29.95. $ 23.96. Select options. Quick View. 20x Extract. $ 1.50 – $ 140.00.20mg Kratom Extract Infused Gummies. $ 29.95. Our original 20mg extract infused gummies are an exciting alternative to traditional powders and capsules. Each gummy is infused with our best Mitragynine Speciosa extract and contains 20 mg of Mitragynine alkaloids. Convenient to carry along to work or any outing and easy to take these delicious ...MA: Get the latest MasterCard stock price and detailed information including MA news, historical charts and realtime prices. Indices Commodities Currencies StocksKratom ( Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree found in parts of Southeast Asia, including Thailand and Malaysia. Kratom’s active ingredient, mitragynine, is found in its leaves. At lower doses ...How do different types of roads affect the environment? Keep reading to discover how different types of roads affect the environment. Advertisement While your car's tires may have ...The most commonly reported side effects of using Trainwreck kratom are nausea, vomiting, dizziness, mental fog, memory impairment, constipation, diarrhea, and anxiety. The most insidious side effect of using kratom is addiction. Kratom is not an opioid but works through similar biological mechanisms, making it possible to develop a dependence.This study sought to compare the effects of Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. extract, alkaloids fraction, and mitragynine, a μ-opioid receptor agonist, to that of morphine and oxycodone in a test of thermal nociception. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered test articles intraperitoneally (IP) 30 min prior to testing to ...Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree native to Southeast Asia. The leaves contain a chemical called mitragynine, which works like opioids such as morphine. Kratom has …Sep 9, 2017 · Abstract. Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, has the potential meet the need for pain medications that lack the addictiveness and overdose risk of classical opioid analgesics, such as morphine. This need is urgent because opioid addiction and overdose deaths have risen throughout diverse segments of U.S. society. Feb 24, 2022 · Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, is found to possess promising analgesic effects on mediating the opioid receptors such as µ (MOR), δ (DOR), and κ (KOR). This alkaloid has therapeutic potential for pain management as it has limited adverse effect compared to a classical opioid, morphine. Quick View. Root Beer Float. $ 16.95 13.56. Add to cart. ***Recommended serving size is 2ml. Please don’t consume more than 4ml in a 24 hour period. Each bottle contains 5 servings.***. Join us as we redefine the Kratom experience with Mitragaia’s Signature Kratom Shots. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Southeast Asia, typically consumed by tea or powder, with physiologic effects similar to opioids, as well as stimulants. There is an increasing prevalence of kratom use, raising concern for possible dependence, addiction, and toxicity. Given the increasing popularity and the potential harm this substance could cause, it is essential to ... Conversely, at higher doses, Kratom can exhibit sedative properties, promoting relaxation and stress relief. Many users turn to it to unwind after a long day, experiencing a sense of calm without the drowsiness often associated with traditional sedatives. Kratom, scientifically known as Mitragyna Speciosa, is a tropical evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia and belongs to the coffee family. For centuries the leaves have been chewed, brewed into tea, or dried and ground into a powder. Taken at low does, kratom has been shown to have energizing effects similar to caffeine.Mitragaia - Highest Quality Kratom - Lab Tested - Same Day Shipping. Shop Crushed Leaf Kratom. Our Crushed Leaf Kratom embodies the essence of purity and potency. Experience the difference that crushed leaf kratom can make in your daily wellness routine. Shop …According to Wikipedia, the definition of kratom is “a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia.”. Its scientific name is Mitragyna speciosa, and it is native to Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, and others. According to a 2015 study, in Southeast Asia, kratom “has been used for ...MitraGaia was known as Gaia Kratom, which was a small company specializing in Kratom. Eventually, with the collaboration of farmers, consumers, and patrons, Gaia Kratom expanded. By partnering with various farmers across Indonesia, MitraGaia Kratom is able to get their hands on a sustainable source of Kratom.Consumers of products and services might want to have some assurances that the prices they are about to pay are correct and fair. Many people have access to superstores and online ...Whether you’re tackling a busy schedule, a demanding workout, or simply need to rise above the ordinary, White Dragon Kratom is your secret weapon. Available in: 1oz, 200g, 250g, 1kg. ONLY AVAILABLE IN POWDER AT THIS TIME. Guarantee: We take your satisfaction seriously, and that’s why we offer THE BEST RETURN POLICY in the industry.Havil., Mitragyna diversifolia (Wall. ex G. Don) Havil., Mitragyna hirsuta Havil., and Mitragyna rotundifolia (Roxb.) Kuntze. Kuntze. While these species can be distinguished by morphological characteristics in raw plant material, contamination or misidentification could occur during collection and could not be distinguished in powdered ...Kratom, whose scientific name is Mitragyna speciosa, is a tree that is mainly found in South Asia, particularly Malaysia, Thailand, and Indonesia.Therefore, the Mitragyna alkaloid scaffold represents a novel framework for the development of functionally biased opioid modulators, which may exhibit improved therapeutic profiles. Also presented is an enantioselective total synthesis of both (-)-mitragynine and its unnatural enantiomer, (+)-mitragynine, employing a proline-catalyzed …Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna Speciosa. SKU: Bali Gold Categories: Gold Powder, Powder, Yellow and Gold Powder. Reviews ; Description ; Additional information ; Our Gold kratom is top-notch quality with a unique blend of alkaloids that’s sure to please!Quick View. Yellow Maeng Da (MD) $ 5.00 – $ 100.00. $ 4.00 – $ 80.00. Select options. Our Maeng Da Kratom powder is harvested for both maturity & potency. We lab test each strain to ensure quality. Same day shipping.4 reviews. US. 5 days ago. Another loyal customer gone. Well, I had been a customer for over 5 years. On 4/21 I placed an order one of dozens I have placed over the years. …Side Effects of Red Vein Kratom. All kratom shares the same side effects in general. Taking too much kratom can cause sedation, dizziness, nausea, and loss of muscle coordination. Red vein kratom strains tend to be more sedative and have a stronger action on the mu-opioid receptors than other strains (generalization).Mitragyna hirsuta is a plant that belongs to the same genus of trees as kratom. It’s been a popular alternative to kratom for quite some time and provides many of the same benefits kratom users expect. Despite having similar benefits, M. hirsuta manages to avoid the criminalization that many countries and states place upon kratom.Jun 29, 2023. Some kratom vendors disappear as quickly as they emerge, whereas others build a loyal fanbase and become more established in the industry. Mitragaia has been around a few years and is still going strong - and it is time we took a closer look at them. Welcome to this in-depth Mitragaia brand review!Please check your spam/junk folder as sometimes these emails will be filtered by your email server. You can always check your tracking information in the order history section of your account dashboard. You must be signed into your user account to view this information. Our cutoff time for same day shipping is 2:30PM EST Monday through Friday ...Mitragaia is a kratom retailer and wholesaler with an address in Henderson, Nevada. According to their website, Mitragaia was founded by Dan the Man and Mama …Introduction. Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) is an evergreen tree in the coffee family (Rubiaceae) that is native to Southeast Asia and cultivated especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand for its historical medical and recreational uses.1 Kratom is also referred to as biak-biak, ketum, or Maeng Da in different regions and describes both the tree and the varying extracts and ...Mitragyna speciosa Korth (kratom) is a medicinal plant indigenous to subtropical and tropical regions of Southeast Asia, including Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Myanmar, and New Guinea ( Warner, Kaufman, & Grundmann, 2016 ). Kratom belongs to the Rubiaceae family and is also referred to as krathum (Thai), or ketum and biak (Malay).In this comprehensive review of investing with Betterment, I share what I like (and don't) about this robo-advisor investing service. Part-Time Money® Make extra money in your free...Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna Speciosa. SKU: Gold MD Categories: Gold Powder, Maeng Da (MD), Powder, Yellow and Gold Powder. Reviews. Description. Additional information. This gold kratom strain undergoes a combination of drying processes to give it …Green Bali Capsules. Select options. Green Borneo Capsules. Select options. Green Horn Capsules. Select options. Green Indo Capsules. Select options. Green JongKong.Our proprietary 20x Maeng Da extract contains a very unique alkaloid profile, boasting large concentrations of the mu, delta and kappa agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine as well as the mu receptor agonist rhynchophylline, raubasine, corynoxein, mitraciliatin, mitrafolin and pananthein. Available in: 1g, 1oz, 2oz, 4oz, 8oz. Buy kratom ...General Capsule Information. All of Mitragaia's capsule bags are all sold by weight. Each bag is weighed and checked for accuracy and takes into account the weight of the empty capsules and bag to ensure that you are receiving the amount of powder listed on the bag. All capsules are 00 size and contain between .4g - .6g of powder.This alkaloid is unique to Mitragyna speciosa (kratom), which accumulates over 50 MIAs and oxindole alkaloids in its leaves. Quantification of 10 targeted alkaloids from several tissue types and cultivars of M. speciosa revealed that mitragynine accumulation was highest in leaves, followed by stipules and stems, but was absent, along with other ...This website does not provide medical advice or make any health claims about its products. This product is not for use by or sale to persons under the age of 21.The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, kratom’s Latin name, have been used for centuries throughout Southeast Asia for all of the aforementioned properties. The plants grow wild in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, with related species of the genus Mitragyna ranging as far as India and South Africa.Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura is a rare disorder that causes blood clots (thrombi) to form in small blood vessels throughout the body. Explore symptoms, inheritance, genetics...Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna Speciosa. SKU: Gold MD Categories: Gold Powder, Maeng Da (MD), Powder, Yellow and Gold Powder. Reviews. Description. Additional information. This gold kratom strain undergoes a combination of drying processes to give it …Interstitial keratitis is inflammation of the tissue of the cornea, the clear window on the front of the eye. This condition can lead to vision loss. Interstitial keratitis is infl...How do different types of roads affect the environment? Keep reading to discover how different types of roads affect the environment. Advertisement While your car's tires may have ...I've ordered from them for years. They were called something else a few years back, Gaia ethnobotanical I think. They changed names after one of their batches had salmonella or something. The FDA or something had a big issue with them and they "closed" just to reopen under mitragaia. Their stuff is good.Mitragyna speciosa (K.) H. (Kratom) is a tree that possesses stimulant and opioid-like analgesic effects, and is indigenous to Southeast Asia and Indochina, where it has seen widespread use for hundreds of years. The principal pharmacologically active alkaloids in kratom leaves include mitragynine (MG), 7-hydroxymitragynine (HMG ...3 days ago · Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree in the coffee family, found in Thailand and neighboring countries. Traditionally, in Southeast Asia, people have chewed its leaves or made them into a tea that is used to fight fatigue and improve work productivity. Kratom has also traditionally been used during religious ceremonies and to treat symptoms ... Mitragaia Welcome Sampler. $ 30.00. Get 1oz of seven different speciosa strains with this amazing deal! Mitragyna speciosa (commonly known as kratom, a herbal leaf from a tree of the Rubiaceae family) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family native to Southeast Asia. It is indigenous to Cambodia , Thailand , Indonesia , Malaysia , Myanmar , and Papua New Guinea , [5] where it has been used in herbal medicine since at least the 19th ...The leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, kratom’s Latin name, have been used for centuries throughout Southeast Asia for all of the aforementioned properties. The plants grow wild in Malaysia, Thailand and Indonesia, with related species of the genus Mitragyna ranging as far as India and South Africa.Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna Speciosa. SKU: Bali Gold Categories: Gold Powder, Powder, Yellow and Gold Powder. Reviews ; Description ; Additional information ; Our Gold kratom is top-notch quality with a unique blend of alkaloids that’s sure to please!Quick View. Yellow Maeng Da (MD) $ 5.00 – $ 100.00. $ 4.00 – $ 80.00. Select options. Our Maeng Da Kratom powder is harvested for both maturity & potency. We lab test each strain to ensure quality. Same day shipping.Sep 9, 2017 · Abstract. Mitragyna speciosa, also known as kratom, has the potential meet the need for pain medications that lack the addictiveness and overdose risk of classical opioid analgesics, such as morphine. This need is urgent because opioid addiction and overdose deaths have risen throughout diverse segments of U.S. society. Mitragyna speciosa is a tree that comes from Southeast Asia and is commonly known as Kratom. Some people claim that there are health benefits of Kratom tea, though more research is necessary.Price is great. Customer service is better than any. They are on it when you email or Facebook them. I know a couple tears ago they had maybe 2,200 on facebook and now around 25k. That doesn't happen by accident. It happens from all the above. They will always have my business. Date of experience: November 26, 2022.Mitragyna speciosa is a tree that comes from Southeast Asia and is commonly known as Kratom. Some people claim that there are health benefits of Kratom tea, though more research is necessary.Once You Have Your Order (1) Anything to do with issues once customer has order.Kratom is a Southeast Asian herb used in traditional medicine to treat a host of conditions, including chronic pain, anxiety, and insomnia. While many parts of this plant contribute to its greatness, mitragynine — a chemical …Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa) is a member of the Rubiaceae family of plants, making it a close relative of the coffee plant ( Coffea spp. ). No wonder we love it. Much like its cousin, kratom is a powerful central …Mar 1, 2024 · Kratom products are made from leaves from Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia. Kratom is usually taken as raw plant material either in a capsule, in powder form mixed into drinks or food, tea made with leaves, or as liquid kratom extract.Kratom’s common or street names are Thang, Krypton, Kakuam, Thom, Ketum, Biak-Biak (common ... full review. “Mitragaia is one of the most credible and reputable brands in the kratom industry. Kratom veterans, as well as kratom beginners, will find their products a great …MitraGaia was known as Gaia Kratom, which was a small company specializing in Kratom. Eventually, with the collaboration of farmers, consumers, and patrons, Gaia Kratom expanded. By partnering with various farmers across Indonesia, MitraGaia Kratom is able to get their hands on a sustainable source of Kratom.Kratom (kray-tum), or Mitragyna speciosa, is a plant native to Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea and can be consumed to induce various mental and physical effects, such as ...We don’t talk about medical trauma often, but trauma at the hands of healthcare professionals is real — and healing is possible. We don’t talk about medical trauma all that often. ...Quick View. White Bali Capsules. $ 6.99 – $ 140.00. $ 4.19 – $ 84.00. Select options. Quick View. White Borneo Capsules. $ 6.99 – $ 140.00. $ 4.19 – $ 84.00.Mitragynine plays several roles in the human body and is responsible for a few of the primary effects you can expect when using kratom. We’ll briefly discuss the major effects below and how they work. 1. Pain Relief (Opiate-Like Activity) Kratom is quite commonly used to dull pain and delay the onset of fatigue.Please check your spam/junk folder as sometimes these emails will be filtered by your email server. You can always check your tracking information in the order history section of your account dashboard. You must be signed into your user account to view this information. Our cutoff time for same day shipping is 2:30PM EST Monday through Friday ...Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tree in the coffee family, found in Thailand and neighboring countries. Traditionally, in Southeast Asia, people have chewed its …We have the finest mitragyna speciosa in the business and each batch is tested for quality control. Weight: N/A: Dimensions: N/A: Weight: 1kg, 250g, 1oz. Click here.Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical tree from the coffee family native to Southeast Asia, with properties that range from stimulant-like, energizing and uplifting, to opiate-like, causing drowsiness and euphoria. Kratom has dozens of active components, which makes it difficult to characterize as one particular type of drug such as ...Medicine Matters Sharing successes, challenges and daily happenings in the Department of Medicine Click here to join via Zoom Nadia Hansel, MD, MPH, is the interim director of the ...Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna Speciosa. SKU: Gold MD Categories: Gold Powder, Maeng Da (MD), Powder, Yellow and Gold Powder. Reviews. Description. Additional information. This gold kratom strain undergoes a combination of drying processes to give it a smooth and affable profile.At Mitragaia, we believe in providing world-class customer service. If you have any questions or need any kind of assistance, feel free to call us at 702-758-GAIA (4242) or email us at [email protected] during our business hours. Or, if you prefer, you can fill out the Contact Us Form below.Our proprietary 20x Maeng Da extract contains a very unique alkaloid profile, boasting large concentrations of the mu, delta and kappa agonists mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine as well as the mu receptor agonist rhynchophylline, raubasine, corynoxein, mitraciliatin, mitrafolin and pananthein. Available in: 1g, 1oz, 2oz, 4oz, 8oz. Buy kratom ...And finally, we’ve conjured the premium Kratom blends that have passed the ultimate test of delight! Welcome to the Mitragaia experience, where every moment is a Kratom adventure!”. Quick View. 8-in-1 Custom Blend. $ 5.00 – $ 100.00. …Mitragaia - Highest Quality Kratom - Lab Tested - Same Day Shipping. Shop Crushed Leaf Kratom. Our Crushed Leaf Kratom embodies the essence of purity and potency. Experience the difference that crushed leaf kratom can make in your daily wellness routine. Shop …Kratom, scientifically known as Mitragyna Speciosa, is a tropical evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia and belongs to the coffee family. For centuries the leaves have been chewed, brewed into tea, or dried and ground into a powder. Taken at low does, kratom has been shown to have energizing effects similar to caffeine.There’s an actress on TV wearing an outfit that you must have. How do you find it? If you know some details, you could toss a word salad into Google and hope that someone has blogg...MitraGaia was known as Gaia Kratom, which was a small company specializing in Kratom. Eventually, with the collaboration of farmers, consumers, and patrons, Gaia Kratom expanded. By partnering with …The genus Mitragyna (Rubiaceae) encompases 10 species which grow in tropical and/or arid parts of Africa, India, Bangladesh, China, Sri Lanka and southeast Asia (Govaerts et al., 2015; Löfstrand et al., 2014; Table 1).Though traditionally used as medicine in these parts, interest for species of Mitragyna has erupted in regions located outside of …Kratom products are made from leaves from Mitragyna speciosa, a tree native to Southeast Asia. Kratom is usually taken as raw plant material either in a capsule, in powder form mixed into drinks or food, tea made with leaves, or as liquid kratom extract.Kratom’s common or street names are Thang, Krypton, Kakuam, Thom, Ketum, Biak-Biak (common ...Showing 1–100 of 128 results. Quick View. 20mg Kratom Extract Infused Gummies. $ 29.95. $ 23.96. Select options. Quick View. 20x Extract. $ 1.50 – $ 140.00.General Capsule Information. All of Mitragaia's capsule bags are all sold by weight. Each bag is weighed and checked for accuracy and takes into account the weight of the empty capsules and bag to ensure that you are receiving the amount of powder listed on the bag. All capsules are 00 size and contain between .4g - .6g of powder.About MITRAGAIA. Mitragaia is an established American vendor in kratom online and otherwise. Although founded in 2016 as Gaia Ethnobotanicals, they simplified their name to Mitragaia in 2019. As veterans of the supplement industry, they are leaders offering a wide selection of top quality kratom. 20mg Kratom Extract Infused Gummies. $ 29.95. Our original 20mg extract infused gummies are an exciting alternative to traditional powders and capsules. Each gummy is infused with our best Mitragynine Speciosa extract and contains 20 mg of Mitragynine alkaloids. Convenient to carry along to work or any outing and easy to take these delicious ... Silver. Make 8 Purchases or Spend $800. Free shipping on orders of over $100. 1.5 pts for every $1 spent. 150 pts on your Birthday.Elephant. $ 5.00 – $ 100.00. $ 4.00 – $ 80.00. Green Elephant kratom is known for its profile of both chill and energized alkaloids. Our Green Elephant kratom is stored out of sunlight and sold fresh, assuring that it offers the uplifting balance that’s sought-after in Green vein strains. Clear. Add to cart. Ingredients: 100% Mitragyna ...

Follow us on Medium for a more in-depth take on plant medicine, and check out our first episode on our favorite podcast platform. Check us out on Twitter or GoodPods for show updates, and email [email protected] with any questions or suggestions about episodes. Send your favorite kratom tips to share with listeners! . Elevator union las vegas

Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth., Rubiaceae) is a plant native to Southeast Asia, where it has been used for centuries as a mild stimulant and as medicine for various ailments. More recently, as kratom has gained popularity in the West, United States federal agencies have raised concerns over its safety leading to criminalization in some ...Quick View. White Bali Capsules. $ 6.99 – $ 140.00. $ 4.19 – $ 84.00. Select options. Quick View. White Borneo Capsules. $ 6.99 – $ 140.00. $ 4.19 – $ 84.00.We have the finest mitragyna speciosa in the business and each batch is tested for quality control. Weight: N/A: Dimensions: N/A: Weight: 1kg, 250g, 1oz. Click here.Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) is a plant indigenous to Thailand and Southeast Asia. Kratom leaves produce complex stimulant and opioid-like analgesic effects. In Asia, kratom has been used to stave off fatigue and to manage pain, diarrhea, cough, and opioid withdrawal. Recently, kratom has become widely available in the United States and Europe ...Two separate commercial products of kratom [Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. Rubiaceae] were used to generate reference standards of its indole and oxindole alkaloids. While kratom has been studied for over a century, the characterization data in the literature for many of the alkaloids are either incomplete or inconsistent with modern standards. As …Find a marketing strategy company today! Read client reviews & compare industry experience of leading marketing strategy agencies. Development Most Popular Emerging Tech Developmen...20mg Kratom Extract Infused Gummies. $ 29.95. Our original 20mg extract infused gummies are an exciting alternative to traditional powders and capsules. Each gummy is infused with our best Mitragynine Speciosa extract and contains 20 mg of Mitragynine alkaloids. Convenient to carry along to work or any outing and easy to take these delicious ...Mitragyna hirsuta is a plant that belongs to the same genus of trees as kratom. It’s been a popular alternative to kratom for quite some time and provides many of the same benefits kratom users expect. Despite having similar benefits, M. hirsuta manages to avoid the criminalization that many countries and states place upon kratom.Mitra Gaia promo codes, coupons & deals, May 2024. Save BIG w/ (5) Mitra Gaia verified promo codes & storewide coupon codes. Shoppers saved an average of $11.28 w/ Mitra Gaia discount codes, 25% off vouchers, free shipping deals. Mitra Gaia military & senior discounts, student discounts, reseller codes & MitraGaia.com Reddit codes. 50x Extract. $ 3.00 – $ 400.00. Our new proprietary 50x extract is a finely ground, full-spectrum kratom extract, containing ultra-pure Mitragyna speciosa alkaloids. This fine and silky powder extract is particularly water-soluble, making it exceptionally quick to dissolve in water. Available in: 1g, 1oz, 2oz, 4oz, 8oz. Clear. Jun 29, 2023. Some kratom vendors disappear as quickly as they emerge, whereas others build a loyal fanbase and become more established in the industry. Mitragaia has been around a few years and is still going strong - and it is time we took a closer look at them. Welcome to this in-depth Mitragaia brand review!Once You Have Your Order (1) Anything to do with issues once customer has order.Kratom ( Mitragyna speciosa) is a tropical evergreen tree in the coffee family. It’s native to Thailand, Myanmar, Malaysia, and other South Asian countries. The leaves, or extracts from the ....

Popular Topics