2024 Lvl span table calculator

LVL Span Tables. Downloads -Smart10 LVL Design Guide 2024: 8.19 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Studs 2019 Edition 1: 1.36 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Roof Batten 2019 Edition 1: . Tokyo vanity instagram

Only live loads are used to calculate design values for stiffness. Maximum deflection limits are set by building codes. They are expressed as a fraction; clear span in inches (L) …Table 2 Prolam Ridge Beam supporting roof and ceiling 48 KB pdf. Table 1 Prolam Lintel supporting roof and ceiling 85 KB pdf. Table 3 Prolam Rafter for internal use supporting roof and ceiling 80 KB pdf. Table 4 Prolam Verandah Rafter supporting roof without ceiling 111 KB pdf. Table 5 Prolam Verandah Rafter supporting roof and ceiling 112 KB pdf.Using standard load estimates from LVL span tables: 40 psf live, 15 psf dead = 55 lb/sqft. Total weight of supported floor: 55 x 154 = 8470 lbs. Assuming beam is carrying 50% of this load (and the exterior wall carrying the other 50%); 8470/2 = 4235 lbs. Beam is (nearly) 11ft long. 4235/11 = 385 plf (pounds per lineal foot).Use the drop downs below to select your loading, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam ridge beam. Calculator is for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. Use ForteWEB™ to determine solutions for conditions beyond the scope of this table.E-mail: [email protected]. Call: +1 (888) 453-8358. Simple Sizing Tool (U.S.) Beam Sizing Request.pdf. 3 MB Download. It is not uncommon for homeowners to renovate their residences. Sometimes this means something simple, like painting, or a little more...LVL Design Properties Murphy Company LVL Design Guide - PG. 3 Notes 1. Table indicates the number of 13/ 4" wide LVL plies to be used for the given application. 2. Span is based on the more restrictive of simple continuous beam span. Ratio of short span to long span should be greater than 0.4. 3.Nov 6, 2023 ... calculate floor joist, roof rafters, window and door headers and beams that will be on lumber span charts used to calculate the lumber sizes ...Calculate the size needed for a beam, girder, or header made from No. 2 pine or LVL. Covers any span and every load with pin point accuracy. Double check yourself with these span charts. Works with evenly distributed loads only.All of the potential load cases required to fully design an actual structure may not be provided by this calculator. For the design of an actual structure, a registered and licensed professional should be consulted as per IRC 2015 Sec. R802.10.2 and designed according to the minimum requirements of ASCE 7-10. The beam calculations provided by ...This application assumes the following: House Loading: 0.75kN/m2 Dead Load + 1.5kN/m2 Imposed Load. Flat Loading: 1.15kN/m2 Dead Load + 1.5kN/m2 Imposed Load. Deflection Limit: 0.003 x engineering span or 12mm whichever is lesser. It is assumed that for "Built-In" joists that the masonry is 100mm wide and for joists "On Hangers" the hanger has ... Use the drop downs below to select your loading, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam ridge beam. Calculator is for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. Use ForteWEB™ to determine solutions for conditions beyond the scope of this table. Accueil - LVL GlobalApr 4, 2024 ... How far can a 14" (double & triple plies) LVL beam span without support. Maximum span of the 14" LVL beam ... HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF ...® LVL DESIGN VALUES Design Property ... Table capacity values based upon a buckling length coefficient, K: e, equal to 1.0 (rotation free, translation fixed at each column end per NDS Appendix G). A K: e coefficient of 1.0 conservatively models typical …48/24 tongue-and-groove, span-rated sheathing (Exposure 1) TJI® 210, 230, 360, or 560 joist with Flak JacketTM protection and joist o.c. spacing of 16" or less. For wider spacing (up to 24" o.c.) use a minimum of 14" deep TJI® 230, 360, or 560 joists. One layer of 5⁄8" Pabco® Type C gypsum board.The Southern Forest Products Association provides size selection tables for various beam spans and loading combinations for Southern Pine dimension lumber and Southern Pine glued laminated timber are available for the following applications: Refer to SFPA’s publication Southern Pine Maximum Spans for Joists & Rafters (download in Publications ...Choose the correct laminated veneer lumber span size by finding the correct span size for the LVL beams you are using and the spacing of the floor’s support columns on a LVL span s...Span Difference % Effective span Resultant span Description 10% max Main span ontinuous 10 - 30% 1.1 x Main span ontinuous above 30% Main span Single 1.3 Rip sawing SmartLVL 15 One of the unique properties of Smart LVL is that it may be ripped through the depth to the smaller section sizes as those given in these span tables withoutLVL beam span calculator formula is essential for accurately interpreting the calculator’s output. Understanding the LVL beam span calculator Formula LVL Beam Size (inches) Load Condition Span (feet) 1.75 x 9.25 Light Load 10-12 Medium Load 8-10 Heavy Load 6-8 1.75 x 11.875 Light Load 12-14 Medium Load 10-12 Heavy Load 8-10 1.75 x 14 Light ...So to calculate the span of the LVL beam you have to multiply by 1.67 in the depth of the beam and the beam depth should be in inches. Generally, an LVL beam can span a maximum of 18 feet to 24 feet without any external support. LVL Beam span chart. This table shows Which size LVL beam and how far can span till maximum.Using the online LVL beam calculator: Enter a span length of 12 feet. Enter a uniform load of 40 pounds per foot. Click "Calculate." The calculator will provide you with a recommended LVL beam size, such as "Recommended LVL Beam Size: 3.5 inches" based on the simplified example code provided above. Note.Calculator generates the maximum span distance as well as the bending strength (F b), shear strength (F v) and bearing strength (F cp) values for each Stamp selected. Note: The design values shown in the table are for normal load duration and dry service conditions and are applicable to lumber surfaced either unseasoned (S-GRN) or dry (S-DRY or ...Apr 2, 2024 ... ) LVL beam span without support. Maximum span of the 7-1/4" LVL beam. The maximum span for a 7-1/4" LVL ... HOW TO CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF BLOCKS ... First, convert joist reactions to plf load on each side of the beam by taking the joist reaction (lbs.) divided by. the joist spacing (ft.). 400 lbs/(16/12) = 300 plf and 533 lbs/(16/12) = 400 plf. Check factored resistance. tables to verify that 3 plys can carry the total factored load of 700 plf. Overview. Resources provide a simplified system to determine allowable joist and rafter spans in one- and two-family dwellings, and the companion supplements for tabulating allowable bending and modulus of elasticity design values for visually graded and mechanically graded dimension lumber. These resources are referenced in the …A LVL span table calculator is a tool that helps builders and engineers determine the appropriate size (depth and width) and maximum span of LVL beams or joists for a given load and other factors, such as species and grade of LVL material. It ensures that the structural elements meet building code requirements and provide …Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is strong, stiff and versatile. It spans long distances. I was able to use LVL for every application in the case-house. Typically, LVL comes 1 ¾” thick and ranges in depth from 7 ¼” up to 18″. To fine-tune the load-carrying potential of a LVL beam, just add another ply to the side of a beam. Labor is a factor.2. Multiple span lengths shown require adequate lateral bracing of bottom edge of LVL. 3. Multiple spans are based on the longest span. The shortest span shall not be less than 40% of the longest span. 4. Live Load deflection is limited to L/480 or L/360 as indicated in the tables above. Total Load deflection is limited to L/240. 5.A LVL span table calculator is a tool that helps builders and engineers determine the appropriate size (depth and width) and maximum span of LVL beams or joists for a given load and other factors, such as species and grade of LVL material. It ensures that the structural elements meet building code requirements and provide …Window Width (W): 36 inches. Window Height (H): 48 inches. Total Load (L): 1000 pounds. Using these values in the provided HTML code: Header size = (1000 / (36 * 48)) * 12 ≈ 6 inches. So, the recommended window header size is approximately 6 inches based on the given window dimensions and load. Please note that actual header size …The first span table is for roofs where the ceiling is not attached to the rafters (with no snow load), a live load of 20 Psf, a dead load of 20 Psf, and a deflection limit of L/180. The second span table is the same as the first, except it assumes a ground snow load of 50 Psf. Rafter Span Diagram. When calculating the maximum span of a rafter ...Sep 23, 2023 · How to Use a Laminated Beam Calculator: Span: Enter the span (length) of the laminated beam in feet. Load: Enter the load on the beam in pounds per foot (e.g., the weight it needs to support). Wood Type: Select the type of wood used for the laminated beam from the dropdown list (e.g., Douglas Fir, Southern Pine, Spruce-Pine-Fir). When it comes to construction projects, accurately determining the size and placement of structural beams is crucial. One tool that can greatly assist in this process is a wood bea...Select the proper span table for one or two floors, and determine the distance to span, the depth and breadth of the beam, the span carried by the beam, and the live …1. This value cannot be adjusted for load duration. 2. This value is based upon a load duration of 100% and may be adjusted for other load durations.Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. Beams. Ridge Beam. Floor Beam. Headers.PFS-TECO RR 0106 PFS-TECO RR 0105 ICC ES ESR-1387. For conditions not shown in this guide or for technical or sales support, contact US Lumber at 1-888-613-5078 or at [email protected]. Distributed by. Weyerhaeuser Rim Board, EverEdgeTM EEITM joists and EverEdgeTM LVL beams are distributed by U.S. Lumber.member listed in the Span Tables is taken from Table 2.5 in AS1720.1:2010 - Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods, where for all LVL structural elements used in residential houses ø = 0.95. Terminology, Definitions and Notations Used in these Tables The terminology, definitions and notations used in this brochure are similar to andTo use a glulam span calculator, follow these general steps: Select the beam size or type of glulam you plan to use (e.g., 4x6 or 6x8). Specify the load type, which can be either a uniform load (e.g., evenly distributed weight) or a concentrated load (e.g., a point load from a support). Enter the span length in feet or meters, depending on the ...Our VERSA-LAM ® LVL is manufactured in get Alexandria (Lena), Louisiana in Eastern Unites States, or at White City, Oregon for the Western Connected States. Please select your area and read of correct documents with your region, press learn more about our HC Calc software and analysis your Boise Cascade beams, joists, columns, studs plus tall ...May 23, 2011 ... Structural timber calculations. Robin de Jongh ... Joist Calculator Tutorial. DecksGo•82K views ... How To Make A LEVEL Floor System. BYOT•588K ...Dec 23, 2021 ... ... calculations on how you ... How to make a flitch beam for a garden room with a large span roof ... Installing LVL Beams During a Residential Remodel. Span tables for Kerto® LVL beams, panels, studs and I-joists help designers work faster and more efficiently. The tables below describe the most common measurements according to local requirements for different Kerto LVL structures in floors, roofs and walls. By using these tables you can find the most optimal cross-sections for the structures ... An LVL calculator is used to simplify calculations related to Laminated Veneer Lumber. LVL is commonly used in construction, and an LVL calculator helps ensure accurate measurements and estimates, which are essential for proper planning and execution of construction projects.LVL Span Tables. Downloads -Smart10 LVL Design Guide 2024: 8.19 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Studs 2019 Edition 1: 1.36 MB: Download SmartLVL 12 Roof Batten 2019 Edition 1:To do this, builders use lvl beams span tables as reference points for spacing their beams. SPAN TABLES & TECHNICAL GUIDE For further information please visit or call toll free: 1300 880 662. Table indicates the number of 13/ 4' wide LVL plies to be used for the given application. Illustrated Field Guide to the Minnesota Residential CodeĢ020 ...Our Wood Beam Span Calculator is designed to be user-friendly. With a few easy steps, you can get instant results. Just follow the instructions below and unlock a world of precise and reliable calculations. Enter the load on the beam in the 'Load' field. Input the radius of gyration in the 'Radius' field. Enter the Young's modulus of the wood ...How to Use a Header Sizing Calculator: Open the calculator webpage. Enter the span length in feet (the distance the header will cover). Enter the load that the header needs to support in pounds (e.g., load from walls or roof). Enter the building code requirements for header size in inches (these vary by location).Notes. 1. The deflection calculations use average wood stiffness properties of clear, straight-grained samples measured in controlled laboratory conditions (mainly from the U.S. Forest Products Lab). Expect some real-life variation from the calculated results. 2.The eye will notice a deflection of 1/32″ (0.03″) per running foot, or 3/32″ (0.09″) for a 3′ wide bookshelf.A Purlin Span Calculator is a tool used to calculate the maximum span or spacing between purlins, which are horizontal beams or members used to support the load of a roof. It helps ensure that the purlin spacing is appropriate for the roofing material and design to prevent structural issues like sagging or deflection.Span Difference % Effective span Resultant span Description 10% max Main span ontinuous 10 - 30% 1.1 x Main span ontinuous above 30% Main span Single 1.3 Rip sawing SmartLVL 15 One of the unique properties of Smart LVL is that it may be ripped through the depth to the smaller section sizes as those given in these span tables withoutIf LP SolidStart LVL is used asa floor joist, the designer shall perform the required vibration control checks. 9. LP SolidStart LVL is not cambered. 10. Higher grades of LP SolidStart LVL can be substituted for the indicated grade. 11. LP SolidStart LVL sized with the tables and design values in this guide requiresFirst, convert joist reactions to plf load on each side of the beam by taking the joist reaction (lbs.) divided by. the joist spacing (ft.). 400 lbs/(16/12) = 300 plf and 533 lbs/(16/12) = 400 plf. Check factored resistance. tables to verify that 3 plys can carry the total factored load of 700 plf.Use design loads of 20 LL and 10 DL for an unfinished attic area with limited access. Specify 16" on-center joist spacing to match the roof rafter spacing, and refer to the Ceiling Joists table on page 3. A 1⁄2" x 71⁄4" 1.5E TimberStrand® LSL ceiling joist can span 15'-7", which is adequate for areas C and E .Trends in the Periodic Table - Trends in the periodic table is a concept related to the periodic table. Learn about trends in the periodic table. Advertisement It's handy to know ...May 23, 2011 ... Structural timber calculations. Robin de Jongh ... Joist Calculator Tutorial. DecksGo•82K views ... How To Make A LEVEL Floor System. BYOT•588K ... Moreover, a double ply 14″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 23 feet, a double ply 16″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 26 feet. In addition, a double ply 18″ LVL beam can allow to span maximum distance of 30 feet. In general, the maximum span for a double 5 1/2″ LVL need to be 10 feet, while the the maximum ... Top of floor joist restraint: Continuous restraint. Bottom Edge Restraint: max 600mm. Span Type: Single Span – Span distance is the INTERNAL measurement between structural supports. Basic Loading Data: Flooring + Ceiling 40 kg/m2 OR 65kg/m2. Floor Live Load = 1.5kPa/1.8kN OR 2.0kPa/1.8kN. Standard AS1720.3 Dynamics for 1.0kN Static Load.This span table excerpt shows two possible sizes of built-up floor beams (2 X 10 and 2 X 12). The full table shows more lumber sizes. It also shows the maximum that the beam can span for various numbers of such pieces of lumber built together (this is indicated by 3-ply, 4-ply and 5-ply). A 3-ply with 2 X 10s would mean that three 2 X 10s are ...Accueil - LVL GlobalJun 27, 2023 ... I read an old article once that said even ancient ship builders never exceeded either 10' or 12' joists spans depending on wood types .Easily size joists and beams. Includes BCI® and AJS® joists, VERSA-LAM® LVL and BOISE GLULAM® beams. Add project and designer information for customized report headers. Print an easy-to-read member report with span, load and analysis result information. I accept the end user license agreement.Oct 6, 2023 · Using the online LVL beam calculator: Enter a span length of 12 feet. Enter a uniform load of 40 pounds per foot. Click "Calculate." The calculator will provide you with a recommended LVL beam size, such as "Recommended LVL Beam Size: 3.5 inches" based on the simplified example code provided above. Note. Table 2 Prolam Ridge Beam supporting roof and ceiling 48 KB pdf. Table 1 Prolam Lintel supporting roof and ceiling 85 KB pdf. Table 3 Prolam Rafter for internal use supporting roof and ceiling 80 KB pdf. Table 4 Prolam Verandah Rafter supporting roof without ceiling 111 KB pdf. Table 5 Prolam Verandah Rafter supporting roof and ceiling 112 KB pdf.Sep 20, 2023 · A LVL span table calculator is a tool that helps builders and engineers determine the appropriate size (depth and width) and maximum span of LVL beams or joists for a given load and other factors, such as species and grade of LVL material. It ensures that the structural elements meet building code requirements and provide adequate support for ... Learn more about Engineered Wood Products by downloading the correct install and/or specifier guide in your region and get access to span charts for BCI ® Joists and Versa …Span guide for residential framing - 5 Star TimbersUse the span tables in the links below to determine the maximum allowable lengths of joists and rafters. These tables provide maximum spans for the #2 grades of four common …When it comes to designing and constructing a building or structure, one of the key considerations is ensuring that the beams used can support the weight and load requirements. Bef... U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Use these simple calculators to size Trus Joist TimberStrand LSL and Parallam PSL beams and headers. Select the application below you are looking to calculate. Calculators are for use in U.S. applications only. For Canada switch to Canada Sizing Table Lookup. A Pergola Beam Span Calculator is a tool or web application used to estimate the maximum allowable span for beams used in pergola construction. The span calculation takes into account factors such as the type of wood, beam size, load type (e.g., uniform or concentrated load), and the desired span length. The calculator helps ensure …With a 19' span (and completely guessing on the roof span and live loading for your area) you're looking at at least a 2 ply 24" LVL or a steel beam that would be …First, convert joist reactions to plf load on each side of the beam by taking the joist reaction (lbs.) divided by. the joist spacing (ft.). 400 lbs/(16/12) = 300 plf and 533 lbs/(16/12) = 400 plf. Check factored resistance. tables to verify that 3 …Use this wood beam span calculator to check a wood beam of a particular size and length to see if it can support a given uniform linear load by comparing its allowable and required bending and shear stress.Oct 6, 2023 · Using the online LVL beam calculator: Enter a span length of 12 feet. Enter a uniform load of 40 pounds per foot. Click "Calculate." The calculator will provide you with a recommended LVL beam size, such as "Recommended LVL Beam Size: 3.5 inches" based on the simplified example code provided above. Note. How to Use the LVL Beam Size Calculator: Input the span length (in feet) - the distance the beam needs to cover. Input the total load weight (in pounds) that the beam will need to support. Specify a safety factor - this factor accounts for additional load capacity to ensure safety. Click the "Calculate" button to obtain the required LVL beam ...Oct 6, 2023 · Using the online LVL beam calculator: Enter a span length of 12 feet. Enter a uniform load of 40 pounds per foot. Click "Calculate." The calculator will provide you with a recommended LVL beam size, such as "Recommended LVL Beam Size: 3.5 inches" based on the simplified example code provided above. Note. Span tables allow users to choose an appropriate size and stress grade to achieve spanning needs. For simple construction, such as domestic construction, this can be determined from span table supplements in AS1684.2 and AS1684.3. Below we have included common product span tables for: Deck joists ; Floor bearers ; Floor joists ; Upper lintelsThe calculator utilizes a straightforward yet powerful formula to compute the required size of the ridge beam: RB = (S * L * W) / (8 * F) where: RB is the required size of the ridge beam (usually expressed in width and depth) S is the roof slope (decimal value representing the rise over run) L is the length of the roof (distance between eaves ...2. Multiple span lengths shown require adequate lateral bracing of bottom edge of LVL. 3. Multiple spans are based on the longest span. The shortest span shall not be less than 40% of the longest span. 4. Live Load deflection is limited to L/480 or L/360 as indicated in the tables above. Total Load deflection is limited to L/240. 5.Table 5-11: Assembly Factors g19 for Plywood Loaded Normal to the Plane of the Plywood Panel 51 Table 5-12: Assembly Factors g19 for Plywood Loaded in the Plane of the Plywood Panel..... 52 Table 5-13: Duration of Load Factor j2 for Creep Deformation for Bending, Compression and Shear

Backed by a product and performance warranty, RigidLam LVL provides a better alternative to traditional, solid sawn lumber. The product is stronger, stiffer, and a more predictable building material, and when compared with similarly sized sections, RigidLam can support heavier loads and allows for greater spans than conventional lumber.. Korok locations botw

LVL Span Guide. ENGINEERED WOOD Save time and money with better support Fast technical support a 1800 808 131 PRODUCTS FREE designlT site Available from: Technical Support 808 131 for houses For quick, clear product answers, our technical support phone line - 1800 808 131 - links you to our expanded, engineering support team. Our experienced ...Sep 20, 2023 · A LVL span table calculator is a tool that helps builders and engineers determine the appropriate size (depth and width) and maximum span of LVL beams or joists for a given load and other factors, such as species and grade of LVL material. It ensures that the structural elements meet building code requirements and provide adequate support for ... The size of LVL beams required for a 30-foot span is contingent on several factors, including the anticipated load and compliance with local building codes. As a general guideline, for a 30-foot span, it is typically recommended to use LVL beams with dimensions of 5-1/4″ × 13 1/2″ or 5-1/4″ × 16″. These beams are often custom ...Features. LVL is stronger and more stable with a higher strength-to-weight ratio than conventional solid sawn lumber. Multiple pieces (typically used in pairs) can be fastened together to obtain greater thicknesses, resulting in greater strength to carry/support heavier loads. E Value (Modulus of Elasticity) = 1.9E or better.A multiplication table is an easy-to-use grid of numbers that can help you learn to multiply quickly by using the chart and, eventually, your memory. Advertisement OK, here's the t...LVL span calculator. Calculate LVL beam span on the rule of thumb for estimating the span of LVL manufactured beam which is to multiply the depth in feet by figure 20, resulting figure is span of LVL beam. For example: An 12 inches deep an LVL beam can span up to 20 feet (12″÷12× 20= 20 foot).This sets an allowable first-floor live load of 40 psf, a dead load of 10 psf, and a deflection of L/360. Figure 2. Live loads and deflection limits are set by code. These tables are from the ICC International Residential Code. Step 2 Span Table: Select the appropriate table in Span Tables for Joists and Rafters. LVL User's Guide - Canada. US Users Guide - This guide contains load tables, design properties, connection details, bearing details and allowable holes for West Fraser 2.0e, 1.9e and 1.8e LVL. LVL User's Guide - US. Brochure - This 2-page brochure contains primary information about West Fraser's LVL product line. LVL Brochure - Canada & US. U.S. Sizing Table Lookup. Header Supporting Floor and Roof Calculator. Use the drop downs to select your roof load, floor load, house width, and material to calculate the appropriate size of TimberStrand or Parallam header. Continuous Span Floor Framing.Span Difference % Effective span Resultant span Description 10% max Main span ontinuous 10 - 30% 1.1 x Main span ontinuous above 30% Main span Single 1.3 Rip sawing SmartLVL 14 One of the unique properties of Smart LVL is that it may be ripped through the depth to the smaller section sizes as those given in these span tables withoutSpan Difference % Effective span Resultant span Description 10% max Main span ontinuous 10 - 30% 1.1 x Main span ontinuous above 30% Main span Single 1.3 Rip sawing SmartLVL 15 One of the unique properties of Smart LVL is that it may be ripped through the depth to the smaller section sizes as those given in these span tables withoutmember listed in the Span Tables is taken from Table 2.5 in AS1720.1:2010 - Timber structures, Part 1: Design methods, where for all LVL structural elements used in residential houses ø = 0.95. Terminology, Definitions and Notations Used in these Tables The terminology, definitions and notations used in this brochure are similar to and1.9E-2850Fb User guide GLOBAL LVL HEADERS, BEAMS AND COLUMNS lvlglobal.comHow to Use the LVL Beam Span Calculator: Gather Information: Know the LVL beam's width, depth, and the load it needs to support. Input Data: Enter these values into the calculator fields. Calculate: Click the "Calculate" button to run the calculation. Review Maximum Safe Span: The estimated maximum safe span for the LVL beam will be displayed ...How to Use a Glulam Calculator: Span: Enter the span (length) of the glulam member in feet. Load: Enter the load on the glulam member in pounds per foot (e.g., the weight it needs to support). Species: Select the glulam species from the dropdown list (e.g., Douglas Fir, Southern Pine, Spruce-Pine-Fir). Click the "Calculate Glulam Size" button..

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