Abstract. This article describes the history, features and functions of the Islamic law courts in the Ottoman Empire before the Tanzimat era. After briefly surveying of the roots of this institution in pre-Ottoman settings, the article focusses on how Ottoman administrators and juridical experts built on this legacy.Known as one of history’s most powerful empires, the Ottoman Empire grew from a Turkish stronghold in Anatolia into a vast state that at its peak reached as far north as Vienna, Austria, as far ...The administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire were administrative divisions of the state organisation of the Ottoman Empire. Outside this system were various types of vassal and tributary states . The Ottoman Empire was first subdivided into provinces, in the sense of fixed territorial units with governors appointed by the sultan, in the ...Within the late Ottoman Empire and Republic of Turkey, the most famous example of this form of cultural production is the late Ottoman novel Nur Baba (Citation 1922) by Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu (1889-1974), a popular and controversial work that had a lasting impact on the perception of Sufism in modern Turkey. Karaosmanoğlu was an ...Updated: April 26, 2021 | Original: October 1, 2010. The Armenian genocide was the systematic killing and deportation of Armenians by the Turks of the Ottoman Empire. In 1915, during World War I ...Nov 3, 2017 · The Ottoman Empire, an Islamic superpower, ruled much of the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Europe between the 14th and early 20th centuries. An ottoman is a piece of furniture. [1] Generally ottomans have neither backs nor arms. They may be an upholstered low couch or a smaller cushioned seat used as a table, stool or footstool. The seat may have hinges and form a lid for the inside hollow, which can be used for storage of linen, magazines or other items, making it a form of storage ...Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Below is the article summary. For the full article, see Ottoman Empire . Ottoman Empire, Former empire centred in Anatolia. The Ottoman Empire was named for Osman I … Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. Title / Office: sultan (1299-1324), Ottoman Empire. Osman I (born c. 1258—died 1324 or 1326) was the ruler of a Turkmen principality in northwestern Anatolia who is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Turkish state. Both the name of the dynasty and the empire that the dynasty established are derived from the Arabic form (ʿUthmān) of his ...Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern wooden ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. Sofas. All Sofas;Shop the Timber furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with sofas, sectionals & lounge chairs. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade ... Timber Olio Green Ottoman. $399. Timber Charme Tan Ottoman. $549. Timber Olio Green Corner Sectional. $2399. Timber Olio Green Chair. $699. Timber Charme Tan Chair ...The Ottoman culture, on the other hand, isolated women in the imperial harem (Yilmaz, Citation 2004). Footnote 3 There were, however, exceptionally powerful women. At a pinnacle in Ottoman history, about a century after Orhan Gazi, the Ottoman harem became a strong social institution during Mehmet II’s (the Conqueror) fifteenth …The Ottoman army was the military structure established by Mehmed II, during his reorganization of the state and the military.This was the major reorganization following Orhan's standing army of janissaries that were paid by salary rather than booty or fiefs.This army was the force during the rise of the Ottoman Empire.The organization was twofold, central and peripheral ().Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Great style is easy with our Maribo Ivory Boucle Storage Ottoman. Bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary, mid century & modern ottomans. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 ... The service Article offers to their customers is unlike any other! The value of the products is beyond what you pay for and you know they actually care ... Upholstery Color. Ankara Ivory. Materials. Kiln dried solid wood, high density foam, polyester fiber, duck feathers. Fabric - Fabric- 96% Polyester, 4% Linen, Martindale test - 40,000 rubs. SKU No. SKU17589. Box Dimensions. 17"H x 40"W x 47"L. This is a List of wars involving the Ottoman Empire ordered chronologically, including civil wars within the empire.. The earliest form of the Ottoman military was a nomadic steppe cavalry force. This was centralized by Osman I from Turkoman tribesmen inhabiting western Anatolia in the late 13th century. Orhan I organized a standing army paid by salary rather …When you buy a Astoria Grand Neptune Upholstered Ottoman online from Wayfair, we make it as easy as possible for you to find out when your product will be delivered. Read customer reviews and common Questions and Answers for Astoria Grand Part #: W005237166 on this page. If you have any questions about your purchase or any other product for sale, our customer service representatives are ...The Ottoman Caliphate, the world's last widely recognized caliphate, was abolished on 3 March 1924 (27 Rajab AH 1342) by decree of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.The process was one of Atatürk's reforms following the replacement of the Ottoman Empire with the Republic of Turkey. Abdulmejid II was deposed as the last Ottoman caliph, as was Mustafa Sabri as the last Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām.The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 30 October 1918 and took effect at noon the next day, the Armistice of Mudros ( Turkish: Mondros Mütarekesi) ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre between the Ottoman Empire and the Allies of World War I. It was signed by the Ottoman Minister of Marine Affairs Rauf Bey and British Admiral ...Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.The kitchen may be where family and guests gather, but the living room is where everyone wants to end up at the end of the night — especially if your living room has a Sanna in it. With its foam-padded support and modern good looks (we're looking at you, french seams), the Sanna modules are so pretty that everyone will surely overlook the whole burnt-lasagna-for-dinner thing.Ottoman Turkish ( Ottoman Turkish: لِسانِ عُثمانى, romanized : Lisân-ı Osmânî, Turkish pronunciation: [liˈsaːnɯ osˈmaːniː]; Turkish: Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE). It borrowed extensively, in all aspects, from Arabic and Persian.Islamic world - Ottomans, Expansion, Legacy: After the Ottoman state's devastating defeat by Timur, its leaders had to retain the vitality of the warrior spirit (without its unruliness and intolerance) and the validation of the Sharīʿah (without its confining independence). In 1453 Mehmed II (the Conqueror) fulfilled the warrior ideal by conquering Constantinople (soon to be known as ...Bayezid Osman, also known as Osman Bayezid Osmanoğlu with a surname as required by the Republic of Turkey, or known by the Ottoman imperial name as Şehzade (Prince) Bayezid Osman Efendi (Ottoman Turkish: بایزید عثمان; 23 June 1924 - 6 January 2017), was the 44th Head of the Imperial House of Osman, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1299 to 1922.Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the Ottoman Empire over a long period, [1] undergoing some significant changes …Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern modular ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary modular sofas. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD) The Sven Ottoman is your new BFF. The velvet tufted topper is a golden pedestal for short, long, and four legs alike. Sturdy and adaptable, this ottoman is a great supporting character in your living space — while still possessing that undeniable star-quality. Islamic world - Ottomans, Expansion, Legacy: After the Ottoman state's devastating defeat by Timur, its leaders had to retain the vitality of the warrior spirit (without its unruliness and intolerance) and the validation of the Sharīʿah (without its confining independence). In 1453 Mehmed II (the Conqueror) fulfilled the warrior ideal by conquering Constantinople (soon to be known as ...Urba Slate Gray Sofa. $1299. Callais Taupe Gray Sofa. $1599. Laholm Sea Black Sofa. $1099. Onya Lily White Sofa. $849. Sora Beach Sand Sofa.Armistice of Mudros, (Oct. 30, 1918), pact signed at the port of Mudros, on the Aegean island of Lemnos, between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain (representing the Allied powers) marking the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914-18). Under the terms of the armistice, the OttomansLawsuits contesting enslavement were so common in the Ottoman Empire that nearly every Ottoman Turkish judicial praxis manual produced between the late sixteenth and early nineteenth centuries contains multiple examples, including those filed by or on behalf of illegally enslaved Ottomans. This article thus pairs its seventy-nine-suit sample ...Le 1er novembre 1922, la Grande Assemblée nationale turque abolit la fonction de sultan, portant un coup fatal à l'Empire ottoman déjà moribond, l'une des plus grandes superpuissances connues ...The Revenge Of The Ottoman Empire. Amidst the slew of reports in the Western media about how the Chinese economy is unravelling, Louis-Vincent Gave of Gavekal research, a China focused research outfit has been putting out contrarian arguments. Here's another piece on how China is holding up with rising trade surplus offsetting the decline ...The rise of the Ottoman Empire is a period of history that started with the emergence of the Ottoman principality (Turkish: Osmanlı Beyliği) in c. 1299, and ended c. 1453.This period witnessed the foundation of a political entity ruled by the Ottoman Dynasty in the northwestern Anatolian region of Bithynia, and its transformation from a small principality … Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. The Maribo Ottoman, with its removable top and ample storage space, is a stylish double-threat. Features. Solid and engineered wood frame; Upholstered in soft, bouclé fabric; Foam-padded top; Storage compartment with soft-close lid; Some assembly required (approximately 5 minutes) Specifications. Style/type.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Shop the Timpani furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with ottomans & decor. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 ... Filters . Clear filters (0) Availability. In Stock. Timpani Charme Tan Ottoman. $699. New products, sweet savings — straight to your inbox. Keep up with what we're up to. Unsubscribe at any time. ... Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern brown ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.The city was known for its burgeoning saffron trade and became a prominent Ottoman town in the 18th Century, its cobbled streets chock-full of mosques, hammamsand these traditional Turkish ...The Ottoman Civil Code (Mejelle) in Ottoman Turkish The Ottoman Civil Code (Code Civil Ottoman) in French published by Demetrius Nicolaides Ahmed Cevdet Pasha (1822-1895), the lead author of the Mejelle. The Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliye (Ottoman Turkish: مجلۀ احكام عدلیە), or the Mecelle in short, was the civil code of the Ottoman Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.founded and led by the bey, Osman Gazi (d. 1326). The Ottomans, being a nomadic tribe by nature, swiftly settled in Anatolia (Asia Minor) after escaping Central Asia as a consequence of the Mongol ... Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اول; Turkish: I. Selim; 10 October 1470 - 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Turkish: Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520. Despite lasting only eight years, his reign is notable for the enormous expansion of the Empire, particularly his conquest between 1516 and 1517 of the entire ...The foreign relations of the Ottoman Empire were characterized by competition with the Persian Empire to the east, Russia to the north, and Austria to the west. The control over European minorities began to collapse after 1800, with Greece being the first to break free, followed by Serbia. Egypt was lost in 1798-1805.Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the Ottoman Empire over a long period, [1] undergoing some significant changes …Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern velvet ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)110-year-old Armenian Genocide survivor recognized at Boston ceremony. Armenian Genocide, campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18). Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people ...The Ottoman Empire represents one of the largest imperial projects in human history, ruling vast territories in North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East over a period of some five centuries.During its history, it did much to sustain Islamic civilization. Outsiders and insiders have had different perceptions of the Ottoman Empire. Outsiders often viewed it as a …The Ottoman Empire was the last of the great empires that had dominated the Middle East and Mediterranean since the dawn of the history of civilisation. The Ottoman Empire began around 1300 as a ...After years of avoiding the topic, the U.S. government now officially views the killing of 1.5 million Armenians by the Ottoman Empire a century ago as genocide. Here's what it means.Ottoman architecture is an architectural style or tradition that developed under the Ottoman Empire over a long period, [1] undergoing some significant changes …New products, sweet savings — straight to your inbox. Keep up with what we're up to. Unsubscribe at any time.The Ottomans became the biggest trading partner of western Europe in the Renaissance era. King Henry VIII of England enjoyed dressing in their fashionable styles. Suleiman I (who ruled 1520-1566 ...The Ottoman Empire was one of the mightiest and longest-lasting dynasties in world history. This Islamic-run superpower ruled large areas of the Middle East, …This article describes the main features of the millet system, and looks at the legacy it bequeathed to certain successor states, notably Egypt, Israel, Lebanon and Turkey. It argues that this kind of non-territorial autonomy was best suited to the geographical dispersion of minorities, but also to the strategic goals of the Ottoman Empire. Otio Oceano Blue Walnut Ottoman. $249. Keep up with what we’re up to. Unsubscribe at any time. Shop the Otio furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with modern lounge chairs & ottomans. This review article explores the connection between history and International Relations (IR) through the case of the Ottoman Empire. By examining Social Sciences Citations Index (SSCI) articles and some other complementary works, it aims to investigate how past events and processes have formed IR's theoretical foundations.The Sven Ottoman in Oxford Blue is your new BFF. The tufted topper supports short and long legs alike. Over time, the semi-aniline leather will develop a beautiful vintage patina. Sturdy and adaptable, this tan leather ottoman is a great supporting character in your living space. Natural color variations, wrinkles and creases are part of the unique characteristics of this leather. It will ... Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern round ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in Turkish as Osmanlı Devleti, was a Turkic imperial state that was conceived by and named after Osman (l. 1258-1326), an Anatolian chieftain.At its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries, the empire controlled vast …Article reviews from our customers. Mike Z. from Indio, CA bought a Lenia Walnut Oval Coffee Table. "The entire experience is amazing from customer service to delivery. Communication is excellent ". Craig L. from Sophia, NC bought a Basi Oak King Bed Frame. "great delivery, great value. contemporary design".Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.Daphne Dravite Ivory Sofa. $1499. Santo Charcoal Folding Lounge Chair. $199. Reyes Classic Brown Stackable Dining Armchair. $249. Delph Stripe Blue Indoor/Outdoor Rug 8 x 10. $399.If Davison’s application of Ottoman diplomacy was rather narrowly constricted to ‘high diplomacy’, Footnote 2 he aptly captured the central significance that the empire’s ruling class came to attach to diplomacy in the face of recurring foreign threats to its survival as an independent state. In the article Davison equally reminded his readers …The collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the way Arab territory was divided immediately after the First World War had a profound effect on the contemporary history of the Middle East. This article looks back at the agreements signed after the War, resulting in the creation of British and French protectorates from territories ruled by the OttomansBrowse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern modular ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary modular sofas. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)The crescent and star flag of the Ottoman Empire, an early 19th-century design officially adopted in 1844. The Ottoman Empire used various flags and naval ensigns during its history. The crescent and star came into use in the second half of the 18th century. A buyruldu (decree) from 1793 required that the ships of the Ottoman Navy were to use a red flag with the star and crescent in white.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.An article ottoman, designed in the mid-century modern, modern or Art Deco style, is generally a popular piece of furniture. A well-made article ottoman has long been a part of the offerings for many furniture designers and manufacturers, but those produced by Richard Yasmine and Baker Furniture Company are consistently popular.Abstract. This article describes the history, features and functions of the Islamic law courts in the Ottoman Empire before the Tanzimat era. After briefly surveying of the roots of this institution in pre-Ottoman settings, the article focusses on how Ottoman administrators and juridical experts built on this legacy.This article is about an aspect of the Ottoman-Rashidi partnership in the late Ottoman Empire that deeply influenced the order of things in Arabia and resulted in both the Ottomans and the Rashidis becoming more significant actors in regional politics. The main argument is that this partnership made a great contribution to the visibly ...Shop the Abisko furniture collection by Article & bring effortless style to your home with our beautiful modern sofas & decor. | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | ... Abisko Plush Yarrow Gold Ottoman. $449. Abisko Welsh Gray Right Sectional. $1599. Abisko Welsh Gray Left Sectional. $1599. New products, sweet savings ...Ottoman defeat in the war inspired an already fervent Turkish nationalism. The postwar settlement, which greatly reduced Ottoman territory, outraged the nationalists. A new government under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, known as Atatürk, emerged at Ankara. The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, fled in 1922 after the sultanate had been abolished.Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom.News about the Ottoman Empire, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Armistice of Mudros, (Oct. 30, 1918), pact signed at the port of Mudros, on the Aegean island of Lemnos, between the Ottoman Empire and Great Britain (representing the Allied powers) marking the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I (1914-18). Under the terms of the armistice, the Ottomans. San diego rooms
The Ottoman Interregnum, or the Ottoman Civil War (Turkish: Fetret devri, lit. 'Interregnum period'), was a civil war in the Ottoman Empire between the sons of Sultan Bayezid I following their father's defeat at the hands of Timur in the Battle of Ankara on 20 July 1402. Although Timur confirmed Mehmed Çelebi as sultan, Mehmed's brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and ...Halston Tufted Black Leather Ottoman. $799.00. Save to Favorites Martini Small Upholstered Ottoman by Leanne Ford. Martini Small Upholstered Ottoman by Leanne Ford Options. New Arrival. Martini Small Upholstered Ottoman by Leanne Ford. $299.00. FSC® Certified. Save to Favorites Guest Ottoman by Jake Arnold.Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern white ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD) Tablet Charme Tan Square Ottoman. $1199. 4.7. 91 Reviews. Color: Charme Tan. Add To Cart. Delivered to Los Angeles, CA : Apr 25th - May 3rd. In stock and ready to ship. 30 day satisfaction guarantee. Browse Article's wide selection of mid century & modern green ottomans to bring effortless style home with beautiful contemporary ottomans. Great style is easy; Shop today! | Help Center | +1-888-746-3455 | Article for Trade | Design Resources. USA ($ USD) Canada ($ CAD)The Ottoman Empire, an Islamic superpower, ruled much of the Middle East, North Africa and Eastern Europe between the 14th and early 20th centuries.Few western historians have had the knowledge of Ottoman Turkish to prove them wrong. Marc David Baer's important and hugely readable book — a model of well-written, accessible scholarship ...Leigh Silver Ivory Reversible Sectional. $2999. Beta Cypress Green Left Conversational Sectional. $4799. Leigh 92" Modular Sofa - Silver Ivory. $1599. Sanna Magnet Green Right Arm Modular Sofa. $2099. Leigh Silver Ivory Corner Sectional.Mostafa Minawi, a historian at Cornell University, believes the Ottoman Empire had the potential to evolve into a modern multi-ethnic, multi-lingual federal state. Instead, he argues, World War I ...Olara Jacquard Green Indoor/Outdoor Ottoman. $149. Boden Dark Gray Bar Cart. $419. Solina White Terrazzo Wheeled Umbrella Base. $149. Elko Spring Green Indoor/Outdoor Rug 8 x 10. $499. New. Rooth Jacquard Green Indoor/Outdoor Pillow. $69. Bori Small Natural Lantern Set. $199. New. Reya Limestone Cream Large Planter.The Ottoman Empire nominally ruled Mount Lebanon from its conquest in 1516 until the end of World War I in 1918. [1] The Ottoman sultan, Selim I (1516–20), invaded Syria and Lebanon in 1516. The Ottomans, through the Maans, a great Druze feudal family, and the Shihabs, a Sunni Muslim family that had converted to Christianity, [2] ruled ... Visit article.com and browse or search our catalog using the top menu. If you are still having problems, call our Customer Service Team at 1-888-746-3455. Help Center. +1.888.746.3455. LiveChat. Email us. Shop article.com for high quality furniture at incredible prices for your Dining, Living and Bedroom. Kadın. Kadın ( Ottoman Turkish: قادين) was the title given to the consorts of the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. The title officially first came in use during the reign of Sultan Suleiman II. The Sultan could have up to four and some times five women with the imperial rank of Kadın and unlimited number of women with the rank of Ikbal.This article traces how Ottoman interpretations and uses of Islamic law adapted to deal with non-Muslim rebellions between roughly 1769 and 1830. Drawing on Ottoman fatwas (legal opinions), bureaucratic registers, sultanic decrees, and chronicles, as well as British diplomatic records, it argues that the Ottoman state actively reinterpreted its ...Islamic world - Ottomans, Expansion, Legacy: After the Ottoman state's devastating defeat by Timur, its leaders had to retain the vitality of the warrior spirit (without its unruliness and intolerance) and the validation of the Sharīʿah (without its confining independence). In 1453 Mehmed II (the Conqueror) fulfilled the warrior ideal by conquering Constantinople (soon to be known as ....